| grate | (noun) a frame of iron bars to hold a fire | Synonyms: grating |
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| (noun) a barrier that has parallel or crossed bars blocking a passage but admitting air | Synonyms: grating |
| (noun) a harsh rasping sound made by scraping something | - |
| (verb) make a grating or grinding sound by rubbing together | Synonyms: grind |
| (verb) scratch repeatedly | Synonyms: scrape |
| (verb) reduce to small shreds or pulverize by rubbing against a rough or sharp perforated surface | - |
| (verb) gnaw into; make resentful or angry | Synonyms: eat into, fret, rankle |
| (verb) furnish with a grate | - |
| gyrate | (verb) to wind or move in a spiral course | Synonyms: coil, spiral |
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| (verb) revolve quickly and repeatedly around one's own axis | Synonyms: reel, spin, spin around, whirl |
| hydrate | (noun) any compound that contains water of crystallization | - |
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| (verb) cause to be hydrated; add water or moisture to | - |
| (verb) become hydrated and combine with water | - |
| (verb) supply water or liquid to in order to maintain a healthy balance | - |
| illiterate | (adjective) not able to read or write | - |
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| (adjective) lacking culture, especially in language and literature | - |
| (adjective) uneducated in the fundamentals of a given art or branch of learning; lacking knowledge of a specific field | Synonyms: ignorant |
| (noun) a person unable to read | Synonyms: illiterate person, nonreader |
| illustrate | (verb) clarify by giving an example of | Synonyms: exemplify, instance |
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| (verb) depict with an illustration | - |
| (verb) supply with illustrations | - |
| immigrate | (verb) come into a new country and change residency | - |
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| (verb) migrate to a new environment | - |
| (verb) introduce or send as immigrants | - |
| immoderate | (adjective) beyond reasonable limits | - |
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| imperforate | (adjective) not perforated; having no opening | - |
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| inaccurate | (adjective) erroneous | - |
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| inaugurate | (verb) be a precursor of | Synonyms: introduce, usher in |
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| (verb) commence officially | Synonyms: kick off |
| (verb) open ceremoniously or dedicate formally | - |
| incarcerate | (verb) lock up or confine, in or as in a jail | Synonyms: gaol, immure, imprison, jail, jug, lag, put away, put behind bars, remand |
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| incinerate | (verb) cause to undergo combustion | Synonyms: burn |
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| (verb) become reduced to ashes | - |
| incommensurate | (adjective) not corresponding in size or degree or extent | - |
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| inconsiderate | (adjective) lacking regard for the rights or feelings of others | - |
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| (adjective) without proper consideration or reflection | Synonyms: unconsidered |
| incorporate | (adjective) formed or united into a whole | Synonyms: incorporated, integrated, merged, unified |
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| (verb) make into a whole or make part of a whole | Synonyms: integrate |
| (verb) unite or merge with something already in existence | - |
| (verb) form a corporation | - |
| (verb) include or contain; have as a component | Synonyms: comprise, contain |
| indurate | (adjective) emotionally hardened | Synonyms: callous, pachydermatous |
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| (verb) become hard or harder | Synonyms: harden |
| (verb) make hard or harder | Synonyms: harden |
| (verb) become fixed or established | - |
| (verb) cause to accept or become hardened to; habituate | Synonyms: harden, inure |
| inelaborate | (adjective) not elaborate; lacking rich or complex detail | Synonyms: unelaborate |
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| infiltrate | (verb) pass through an enemy line; in a military conflict | Synonyms: pass through |
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| (verb) cause (a liquid) to enter by penetrating the interstices | - |
| (verb) pass into or through by filtering or permeating | - |
| (verb) enter a group or organization in order to spy on the members | Synonyms: penetrate |
| ingrate | (noun) a person who shows no gratitude | Synonyms: thankless wretch, ungrateful person |
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| innumerate | (adjective) lacking knowledge and understanding of mathematical concepts and methods | - |
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| inspectorate | (noun) a body of inspectors | - |
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| integrate | (verb) make into a whole or make part of a whole | Synonyms: incorporate |
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| (verb) become one; become integrated | - |
| (verb) calculate the integral of; calculate by integration | - |
| (verb) open (a place) to members of all races and ethnic groups | Synonyms: desegregate, mix |
| intemperate | (adjective) excessive in behavior | - |
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| (adjective) (of weather or climate) not mild; subject to extremes | - |
| (adjective) given to excessive indulgence of bodily appetites especially for intoxicating liquors | Synonyms: hard, heavy |
| interpenetrate | (verb) penetrate mutually or be interlocked | Synonyms: permeate |
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| (verb) spread or diffuse through | Synonyms: diffuse, imbue, penetrate, permeate, pervade, riddle |
| invertebrate | (adjective) lacking a backbone or spinal column | Synonyms: spineless |
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| (noun) any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification | - |
| inveterate | (adjective) habitual | Synonyms: chronic |
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| (adverb) in a habitual and longstanding manner | Synonyms: chronically |
| invigorate | (verb) impart vigor, strength, or vitality to | Synonyms: reinvigorate |
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| (verb) make lively | Synonyms: animate, enliven, liven, liven up |
| (verb) give life or energy to | Synonyms: quicken |
| (verb) heighten or intensify | Synonyms: animate, enliven, exalt, inspire |
| involucrate | (adjective) having an involucre | - |
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| irate | (adjective) feeling or showing extreme anger | Synonyms: ireful |
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| iterate | (verb) run or be performed again | - |
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| (verb) to say, state, or perform again | Synonyms: ingeminate, reiterate, repeat, restate, retell |
| itinerate | (verb) travel from place to place, as for work | - |
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| karate | (noun) a traditional Japanese system of unarmed combat; sharp blows and kicks are given to pressure-sensitive points on the body of the opponent | - |
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| lacerate | (adjective) having edges that are jagged from injury | Synonyms: lacerated, mangled, torn |
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| (adjective) irregularly slashed and jagged as if torn | Synonyms: lacerated |
| (verb) cut or tear irregularly | - |
| (verb) deeply hurt the feelings of; distress | - |
| levirate | (noun) the biblical institution whereby a man must marry the widow of his childless brother in order to maintain the brother's line | - |
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| liberate | (verb) release (gas or energy) as a result of a chemical reaction or physical decomposition | Synonyms: free, release |
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| (verb) grant freedom to | Synonyms: set free |
| (verb) give equal rights to; of women and minorities | Synonyms: emancipate |
| (verb) grant freedom to; free from confinement | Synonyms: free, loose, release, unloose, unloosen |
| librate | (verb) vibrate before coming to a total rest | - |
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| (verb) determine the weight of | Synonyms: weigh |
| literate | (adjective) able to read and write | - |
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| (adjective) versed in literature; dealing with literature | - |
| (adjective) knowledgeable and educated in one or several fields | - |
| (noun) a person who can read and write | Synonyms: literate person |
| lucubrate | (verb) add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing | Synonyms: dilate, elaborate, enlarge, expand, expatiate, exposit, expound, flesh out |
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| lustrate | (verb) purify by means of a ritual; also used in post-Communist countries to refer to the political cleansing of former officials | - |
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| lyrate | (adjective) (of a leaf shape) having curvature suggestive of a lyre | - |
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| macerate | (noun) a macerated substance, sometimes used to infuse vodka with flavor. | - |
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| (verb) soften, usually by steeping in liquid, and cause to disintegrate as a result | - |
| (verb) become soft or separate and disintegrate as a result of excessive soaking | - |
| (verb) cause to grow thin or weak | Synonyms: emaciate, waste |
| (verb) separate into constituents by soaking | - |
| magistrate | (noun) a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses) | - |
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| maturate | (verb) ripen and generate pus | Synonyms: fester, suppurate |
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| (verb) develop and reach maturity; undergo maturation | Synonyms: grow, mature |
| (verb) grow old or older | Synonyms: age, get on, mature, senesce |
| meliorate | (verb) get better | Synonyms: ameliorate, better, improve |
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| (verb) to make better | Synonyms: ameliorate, amend, better, improve |
| mensurate | (verb) determine the measurements of something or somebody, take measurements of | Synonyms: measure, measure out |
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| micturate | (verb) eliminate urine | Synonyms: make, make water, pass water, pee-pee, pee, piddle, piss, puddle, relieve oneself, spend a penny, take a leak, urinate, wee-wee, wee |
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| migrate | (verb) move from one country or region to another and settle there | Synonyms: transmigrate |
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| (verb) move periodically or seasonally | - |
| moderate | (adjective) being within reasonable or average limits; not excessive or extreme | - |
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| (adjective) not extreme | Synonyms: temperate |
| (adjective) marked by avoidance of extravagance or extremes | Synonyms: restrained |
| (noun) a person who takes a position in the political center | Synonyms: centrist, middle of the roader, moderationist |
| (verb) make more temperate, acceptable, or suitable by adding something else | Synonyms: mollify, season, temper |
| (verb) make less fast or intense | - |
| (verb) preside over | Synonyms: chair, lead |
| (verb) make less strong or intense; soften | Synonyms: tame, tone down |
| (verb) make less severe or harsh | Synonyms: mince, soften |
| (verb) lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | Synonyms: check, contain, control, curb, hold, hold in |
| monohydrate | (noun) a hydrate that contains one molecule of water per molecule of the compound | - |
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| narrate | (verb) narrate or give a detailed account of | Synonyms: recite, recount, tell |
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| (verb) provide commentary for a film, for example | - |
| nitrate | (noun) any compound containing the nitrate group (such as a salt or ester of nitric acid) | - |
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| (verb) treat with nitric acid, so as to change an organic compound into a nitrate | - |
| nonliterate | (adjective) used of a society that has not developed writing | Synonyms: preliterate |
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| numerate | (adjective) able to understand and use numbers | - |
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| (verb) read out loud as words written numbers | - |
| (verb) determine the number or amount of | Synonyms: count, enumerate, number |
| obdurate | (adjective) showing unfeeling resistance to tender feelings | Synonyms: flint, flinty, granitic, stony |
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| (adjective) stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing | Synonyms: cussed, obstinate, unrepentant |
| obliterate | (adjective) reduced to nothingness | Synonyms: blotted out, obliterated |
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| (verb) remove completely from recognition or memory | Synonyms: efface |
| (verb) make undecipherable or imperceptible by obscuring or concealing | Synonyms: blot out, hide, obscure, veil |
| (verb) mark for deletion, rub off, or erase | Synonyms: kill, wipe out |
| (verb) do away with completely, without leaving a trace | - |
| obturate | (verb) block passage through | Synonyms: block, close up, impede, jam, obstruct, occlude |
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| operate | (verb) perform surgery on | Synonyms: operate on |
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| (verb) perform a movement in military or naval tactics in order to secure an advantage in attack or defense | Synonyms: maneuver, manoeuver, manoeuvre |
| (verb) handle and cause to function | Synonyms: control |
| (verb) keep engaged | Synonyms: engage, lock, mesh |
| (verb) perform as expected when applied | Synonyms: function, go, run, work |
| (verb) direct or control; projects, businesses, etc. | Synonyms: run |
| orate | (verb) talk pompously | - |
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| orchestrate | (verb) plan and direct (a complex undertaking) | Synonyms: direct, engineer, mastermind, organise, organize |
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| (verb) write an orchestra score for | - |
| overrate | (verb) make too high an estimate of | Synonyms: overestimate |
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| palpebrate | (adjective) having eyelids | - |
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| (verb) wink or blink, especially repeatedly | - |
| pandurate | (adjective) (of a leaf shape) having rounded ends and a contracted center | Synonyms: fiddle-shaped, panduriform |
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| pastorate | (noun) the position of pastor | Synonyms: pastorship |
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| (noun) pastors collectively | - |
| penetrate | (verb) come to understand | Synonyms: bottom, fathom |
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| (verb) become clear or enter one's consciousness or emotions | Synonyms: click, come home, dawn, fall into place, get across, get through, sink in |
| (verb) pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance | Synonyms: perforate |
| (verb) insert the penis into the vagina or anus of | - |
| (verb) spread or diffuse through | Synonyms: diffuse, imbue, interpenetrate, permeate, pervade, riddle |
| (verb) make one's way deeper into or through | - |
| (verb) enter a group or organization in order to spy on the members | Synonyms: infiltrate |
| perchlorate | (noun) a salt of perchloric acid | - |
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| perforate | (adjective) having a hole cut through | Synonyms: perforated, pierced, punctured |
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| (verb) make a hole into or between, as for ease of separation | Synonyms: punch |
| (verb) pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance | Synonyms: penetrate |
| perorate | (verb) deliver an oration in grandiloquent style | - |
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| (verb) conclude a speech with a formal recapitulation | - |
| perpetrate | (verb) perform an act, usually with a negative connotation | Synonyms: commit, pull |
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| perseverate | (verb) repeat a response after the cessation of the original stimulus | - |
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| pervaporate | (verb) cause (a liquid) to evaporate through a semipermeable membrane | - |
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| (verb) evaporate through a semipermeable membrane | - |
| pirate | (noun) a ship that is manned by pirates | Synonyms: pirate ship |
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| (noun) someone who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea without having a commission from any sovereign nation | Synonyms: buccaneer, sea robber, sea rover |
| (noun) someone who uses another person's words or ideas as if they were his own | Synonyms: literary pirate, plagiariser, plagiarist, plagiarizer |
| (verb) take arbitrarily or by force | Synonyms: commandeer, highjack, hijack |
| (verb) copy illegally; of published material | - |
| prate | (noun) idle or foolish and irrelevant talk | Synonyms: blether, chin music, idle talk, prattle |
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| (verb) speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly | Synonyms: blab, blabber, chatter, clack, gabble, gibber, maunder, palaver, piffle, prattle, tattle, tittle-tattle, twaddle |
| preliterate | (adjective) not yet having acquired the ability to read and write | - |
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| (adjective) used of a society that has not developed writing | Synonyms: nonliterate |
| preponderate | (verb) weigh more heavily | Synonyms: outbalance, outweigh, overbalance |
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| proliferate | (verb) grow rapidly | - |
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| (verb) cause to grow or increase rapidly | - |
| prorate | (verb) divide or assess proportionally | - |
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| (verb) make a proportional settlement or distribution | - |
| prostrate | (adjective) stretched out and lying at full length along the ground | Synonyms: flat |
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| (adjective) lying face downward | Synonyms: prone |
| (verb) render helpless or defenseless | - |
| (verb) throw down flat, as on the ground | - |
| (verb) get into a prostrate position, as in submission | Synonyms: bow down |
| protectorate | (noun) a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs; protectorates are established by treaty | Synonyms: associated state |
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| protuberate | (verb) form a rounded prominence | - |
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| (verb) cause to bulge out or project | - |
| purpurate | (verb) color purple | Synonyms: empurple, purple |
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| quadrate | (adjective) having four sides and four angles | - |
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| (noun) a square-shaped object | - |
| (noun) a cubelike object | - |
| quadrumvirate | (noun) a group of four men | - |
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| rate | (noun) the relative speed of progress or change | Synonyms: pace |
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| (noun) amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | Synonyms: charge per unit |
| (noun) a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | - |
| (noun) a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | - |
| (verb) assign a rank or rating to | Synonyms: grade, order, place, range, rank |
| (verb) estimate the value of | Synonyms: value |
| (verb) be worthy of or have a certain rating | - |
| recalcitrate | (verb) show strong objection or repugnance; manifest vigorous opposition or resistance; be obstinately disobedient | - |
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| reconsecrate | (verb) consecrate anew, as after a desecration | - |
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| rectorate | (noun) the office or station of a rector | Synonyms: rectorship |
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| recuperate | (verb) get over an illness or shock | Synonyms: convalesce, recover |
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| (verb) restore to good health or strength | - |
| (verb) regain a former condition after a financial loss | Synonyms: go back, recover |
| (verb) regain or make up for | Synonyms: recoup, recover |
| redecorate | (verb) redo the decoration of an apartment or house | - |
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| refrigerate | (verb) cool or chill in or as if in a refrigerator | - |
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| (verb) preserve by chilling | - |
| regenerate | (adjective) reformed spiritually or morally | - |
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| (verb) restore strength | Synonyms: revitalize |
| (verb) undergo regeneration | - |
| (verb) form or produce anew | - |
| (verb) get or give new life or energy; return to life, regain energy, recuperate | Synonyms: rejuvenate, restore |
| (verb) replace (tissue or a body part) through the formation of new tissue | - |
| (verb) be formed or shaped anew | - |
| (verb) bring, lead, or force to abandon a wrong or evil course of life, conduct, and adopt a right one | Synonyms: reclaim, rectify, reform |
| (verb) amplify (an electron current) by causing part of the power in the output circuit to act upon the input circuit | - |
| (verb) reestablish on a new, usually improved, basis or make new or like new | Synonyms: renew |
| reintegrate | (verb) integrate again | - |
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| reinvigorate | (verb) impart vigor, strength, or vitality to | Synonyms: invigorate |
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| reiterate | (verb) to say, state, or perform again | Synonyms: ingeminate, iterate, repeat, restate, retell |
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| remonstrate | (verb) argue in protest or opposition | - |
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| (verb) present and urge reasons in opposition | Synonyms: point out |
| (verb) censure severely or angrily | Synonyms: bawl out, berate, call down, call on the carpet, chew out, chew up, chide, dress down, have words, jaw, lambast, lambaste, lecture, rag, rebuke, reprimand, scold, take to task, trounce |
| remunerate | (verb) make payment to; compensate | Synonyms: compensate, recompense |
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| reverberate | (verb) treat, process, heat, melt, or refine in a reverberatory furnace | - |
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| (verb) spring back; spring away from an impact | Synonyms: bounce, bound, rebound, recoil, resile, ricochet, spring, take a hop |
| (verb) ring or echo with sound | Synonyms: echo, resound, ring |
| (verb) to throw or bend back (from a surface) | Synonyms: reflect |
| (verb) be reflected as heat, sound, or light or shock waves | - |
| (verb) have a long or continuing effect | - |
| rostrate | (adjective) having a beak or beaklike snout or proboscis | - |
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| saturate | (verb) cause (a chemical compound, vapour, solution, magnetic material) to unite with the greatest possible amount of another substance | - |
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| (verb) infuse or fill completely | Synonyms: impregnate |
| semiliterate | (adjective) literate but poorly informed | - |
|---|
| (adjective) barely able to read and write | - |
| (adjective) able to read but not to write | - |
| separate | (adjective) independent; not united or joint | - |
|---|
| (adjective) standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | Synonyms: freestanding |
| (adjective) separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | - |
| (adjective) have the connection undone; having become separate | Synonyms: disjoined |
| (noun) a garment that can be purchased separately and worn in combinations with other garments | - |
| (noun) a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication | Synonyms: offprint, reprint |
| (verb) become separated into pieces or fragments | Synonyms: break, come apart, fall apart, split up |
| (verb) divide into two or more branches so as to form a fork | Synonyms: branch, fork, furcate, ramify |
| (verb) arrange or order by classes or categories | Synonyms: assort, class, classify, sort, sort out |
| (verb) mark as different | Synonyms: differentiate, distinguish, secern, secernate, severalise, severalize, tell, tell apart |
| (verb) move or break apart | Synonyms: divide, part |
| (verb) force, take, or pull apart | Synonyms: disunite, divide, part |
| (verb) divide into components or constituents | - |
| (verb) go one's own way; move apart | Synonyms: part, split |
| (verb) make a division or separation | Synonyms: divide |
| (verb) treat differently on the basis of sex or race | Synonyms: discriminate, single out |
| (verb) separate into parts or portions | Synonyms: carve up, dissever, divide, split, split up |
| (verb) discontinue an association or relation; go different ways | Synonyms: break, break up, part, split, split up |
| (verb) act as a barrier between; stand between | Synonyms: divide |